CovidFranceV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 000D01

In vitro evaluation of antiviral activity of single and combined repurposable drugs against SARS-CoV-2.

Identifieur interne : 000D01 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000D00; suivant : 000D02

In vitro evaluation of antiviral activity of single and combined repurposable drugs against SARS-CoV-2.

Auteurs : Andrés Pizzorno [France] ; Blandine Padey [France] ; Julia Dubois [France] ; Thomas Julien [France] ; Aurélien Traversier [France] ; Victoria Dulière [France] ; Pauline Brun [France] ; Bruno Lina [France] ; Manuel Rosa-Calatrava [France] ; Olivier Terrier [France]

Source :

Antiviral research [ 1872-9096 ] ; 2020.

RBID : pubmed:32679055

Descripteurs français

KwdFr :
- AMP (analogues et dérivés), AMP (pharmacologie), Alanine (analogues et dérivés), Alanine (pharmacologie), Animaux (MeSH), Antagonisme des médicaments (MeSH), Antiviraux (pharmacologie), Association médicamenteuse (MeSH), Berbérine (pharmacologie), Betacoronavirus (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Cellules Vero (MeSH), Chloroquine (pharmacologie), Ciclosporine (pharmacologie), Humains (MeSH), Indoles (pharmacologie), Infections à coronavirus (traitement médicamenteux), Infections à coronavirus (virologie), Lopinavir (pharmacologie), Pandémies (MeSH), Pneumopathie virale (traitement médicamenteux), Pneumopathie virale (virologie), Repositionnement des médicaments (MeSH), Synergie des médicaments (MeSH).
MESH :
- analogues et dérivés : AMP, Alanine.
- effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques : Betacoronavirus.
- pharmacologie : AMP, Alanine, Antiviraux, Berbérine, Chloroquine, Ciclosporine, Indoles, Lopinavir.
- traitement médicamenteux : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- virologie : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- Animaux, Antagonisme des médicaments, Association médicamenteuse, Cellules Vero, Humains, Pandémies, Repositionnement des médicaments, Synergie des médicaments.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Adenosine Monophosphate (analogs & derivatives), Adenosine Monophosphate (pharmacology), Alanine (analogs & derivatives), Alanine (pharmacology), Animals (MeSH), Antiviral Agents (pharmacology), Berberine (pharmacology), Betacoronavirus (drug effects), Chlorocebus aethiops (MeSH), Chloroquine (pharmacology), Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy), Coronavirus Infections (virology), Cyclosporine (pharmacology), Drug Antagonism (MeSH), Drug Combinations (MeSH), Drug Repositioning (MeSH), Drug Synergism (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Indoles (pharmacology), Lopinavir (pharmacology), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy), Pneumonia, Viral (virology), Vero Cells (MeSH).
MESH :
- chemical , analogs & derivatives : Adenosine Monophosphate, Alanine.
- chemical , pharmacology : Adenosine Monophosphate, Alanine, Antiviral Agents, Berberine, Chloroquine, Cyclosporine, Indoles, Lopinavir.
- drug effects : Betacoronavirus.
- drug therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- virology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Animals, Chlorocebus aethiops, Drug Antagonism, Drug Combinations, Drug Repositioning, Drug Synergism, Humans, Pandemics, Vero Cells.

Abstract

In response to the current pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2, identifying and validating effective therapeutic strategies is more than ever necessary. We evaluated the in vitro antiviral activities of a shortlist of compounds, known for their cellular broad-spectrum activities, together with drugs that are currently under evaluation in clinical trials for COVID-19 patients. We report the antiviral effect of remdesivir, lopinavir, chloroquine, umifenovir, berberine and cyclosporine A in Vero E6 cells model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with estimated 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.99, 5.2, 1.38, 3.5, 10.6 and 3 μM, respectively. Virus-directed plus host-directed drug combinations were also investigated. We report a strong antagonism between remdesivir and berberine, in contrast with remdesivir/diltiazem, for which we describe high levels of synergy, with mean Loewe synergy scores of 12 and peak values above 50. Combination of host-directed drugs with direct acting antivirals underscore further validation in more physiological models, yet they open up interesting avenues for the treatment of COVID-19.

DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104878
PubMed: 32679055
PubMed Central: PMC7361110

Affiliations:

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

to stream Main, to step Corpus: 000922
to stream Main, to step Curation: 000922

Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Duliere, Victoria" sort="Duliere, Victoria" uniqKey="Duliere V" first="Victoria" last="Dulière">Victoria Dulière</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Rosa Calatrava, Manuel" sort="Rosa Calatrava, Manuel" uniqKey="Rosa Calatrava M" first="Manuel" last="Rosa-Calatrava">Manuel Rosa-Calatrava</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Terrier, Olivier" sort="Terrier, Olivier" uniqKey="Terrier O" first="Olivier" last="Terrier">Olivier Terrier</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Padey, Blandine" sort="Padey, Blandine" uniqKey="Padey B" first="Blandine" last="Padey">Blandine Padey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Signia Therapeutics SAS, Lyon, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Signia Therapeutics SAS, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Dubois, Julia" sort="Dubois, Julia" uniqKey="Dubois J" first="Julia" last="Dubois">Julia Dubois</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Julien, Thomas" sort="Julien, Thomas" uniqKey="Julien T" first="Thomas" last="Julien">Thomas Julien</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Traversier, Aurelien" sort="Traversier, Aurelien" uniqKey="Traversier A" first="Aurélien" last="Traversier">Aurélien Traversier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Duliere, Victoria" sort="Duliere, Victoria" uniqKey="Duliere V" first="Victoria" last="Dulière">Victoria Dulière</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Brun, Pauline" sort="Brun, Pauline" uniqKey="Brun P" first="Pauline" last="Brun">Pauline Brun</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region>
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</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Lina, Bruno" sort="Lina, Bruno" uniqKey="Lina B" first="Bruno" last="Lina">Bruno Lina</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Virus Influenza Sud, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Virus Influenza Sud, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region>
<settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement>
</placeName>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rosa Calatrava, Manuel" sort="Rosa Calatrava, Manuel" uniqKey="Rosa Calatrava M" first="Manuel" last="Rosa-Calatrava">Manuel Rosa-Calatrava</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Electronic address: manuel.rosa-calatrava@univ-lyon1.fr.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region>
<region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region>
<settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Terrier, Olivier" sort="Terrier, Olivier" uniqKey="Terrier O" first="Olivier" last="Terrier">Olivier Terrier</name>
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<term>Animals (MeSH)</term>
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<term>Betacoronavirus (drug effects)</term>
<term>Chlorocebus aethiops (MeSH)</term>
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<term>Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (virology)</term>
<term>Cyclosporine (pharmacology)</term>
<term>Drug Antagonism (MeSH)</term>
<term>Drug Combinations (MeSH)</term>
<term>Drug Repositioning (MeSH)</term>
<term>Drug Synergism (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Indoles (pharmacology)</term>
<term>Lopinavir (pharmacology)</term>
<term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy)</term>
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<term>Alanine (pharmacologie)</term>
<term>Animaux (MeSH)</term>
<term>Antagonisme des médicaments (MeSH)</term>
<term>Antiviraux (pharmacologie)</term>
<term>Association médicamenteuse (MeSH)</term>
<term>Berbérine (pharmacologie)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term>
<term>Cellules Vero (MeSH)</term>
<term>Chloroquine (pharmacologie)</term>
<term>Ciclosporine (pharmacologie)</term>
<term>Humains (MeSH)</term>
<term>Indoles (pharmacologie)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (traitement médicamenteux)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (virologie)</term>
<term>Lopinavir (pharmacologie)</term>
<term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (traitement médicamenteux)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (virologie)</term>
<term>Repositionnement des médicaments (MeSH)</term>
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<term>Antiviral Agents</term>
<term>Berberine</term>
<term>Chloroquine</term>
<term>Cyclosporine</term>
<term>Indoles</term>
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<term>Chlorocebus aethiops</term>
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<term>Drug Combinations</term>
<term>Drug Repositioning</term>
<term>Drug Synergism</term>
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<term>Vero Cells</term>
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<term>Association médicamenteuse</term>
<term>Cellules Vero</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In response to the current pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2, identifying and validating effective therapeutic strategies is more than ever necessary. We evaluated the in vitro antiviral activities of a shortlist of compounds, known for their cellular broad-spectrum activities, together with drugs that are currently under evaluation in clinical trials for COVID-19 patients. We report the antiviral effect of remdesivir, lopinavir, chloroquine, umifenovir, berberine and cyclosporine A in Vero E6 cells model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with estimated 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.99, 5.2, 1.38, 3.5, 10.6 and 3 μM, respectively. Virus-directed plus host-directed drug combinations were also investigated. We report a strong antagonism between remdesivir and berberine, in contrast with remdesivir/diltiazem, for which we describe high levels of synergy, with mean Loewe synergy scores of 12 and peak values above 50. Combination of host-directed drugs with direct acting antivirals underscore further validation in more physiological models, yet they open up interesting avenues for the treatment of COVID-19.</div>
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<DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
<Day>07</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
<Day>07</Day>
</DateRevised>
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<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>181</Volume>
<PubDate><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Antiviral research</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Antiviral Res.</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>In vitro evaluation of antiviral activity of single and combined repurposable drugs against SARS-CoV-2.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>104878</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
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<Abstract><AbstractText>In response to the current pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2, identifying and validating effective therapeutic strategies is more than ever necessary. We evaluated the in vitro antiviral activities of a shortlist of compounds, known for their cellular broad-spectrum activities, together with drugs that are currently under evaluation in clinical trials for COVID-19 patients. We report the antiviral effect of remdesivir, lopinavir, chloroquine, umifenovir, berberine and cyclosporine A in Vero E6 cells model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with estimated 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.99, 5.2, 1.38, 3.5, 10.6 and 3 μM, respectively. Virus-directed plus host-directed drug combinations were also investigated. We report a strong antagonism between remdesivir and berberine, in contrast with remdesivir/diltiazem, for which we describe high levels of synergy, with mean Loewe synergy scores of 12 and peak values above 50. Combination of host-directed drugs with direct acting antivirals underscore further validation in more physiological models, yet they open up interesting avenues for the treatment of COVID-19.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pizzorno</LastName>
<ForeName>Andrés</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<ForeName>Blandine</ForeName>
<Initials>B</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Signia Therapeutics SAS, Lyon, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dubois</LastName>
<ForeName>Julia</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Julien</LastName>
<ForeName>Thomas</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<ForeName>Aurélien</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dulière</LastName>
<ForeName>Victoria</ForeName>
<Initials>V</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brun</LastName>
<ForeName>Pauline</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lina</LastName>
<ForeName>Bruno</ForeName>
<Initials>B</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Virus Influenza Sud, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rosa-Calatrava</LastName>
<ForeName>Manuel</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Electronic address: manuel.rosa-calatrava@univ-lyon1.fr.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Terrier</LastName>
<ForeName>Olivier</ForeName>
<Initials>O</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France. Electronic address: olivier.terrier@univ-lyon1.fr.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
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<PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
<ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>15</Day>
</ArticleDate>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country>
<MedlineTA>Antiviral Res</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>8109699</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>0166-3542</ISSNLinking>
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<NameOfSubstance UI="D061466">Lopinavir</NameOfSubstance>
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<QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName>
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In vitro evaluation of antiviral activity of single and combined repurposable drugs against SARS-CoV-2.

In vitro evaluation of antiviral activity of single and combined repurposable drugs against SARS-CoV-2.

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